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Report Description
The concept of growing tissues outside their natural system in an artificially created microenvironment is known as tissue culturing. It is a common tool for developing model systems that are useful for studying the basic human molecular and cell biology metabolisms. Cell culturing was first initiated in flat plastic or glass dishes as 2D cell culturing. Since then, all the tissue engineering, stem cell, molecular biology work is being carried out on the widely popular petri dishes. However, there are several limitations associated with 2D cell culture that hamper the morphology, growth rate, cell function, viability and the overall behaviour of the cell as compared to the natural environment. As a result, 2D cell culture is not efficient for studying complex molecular metabolisms.
To carry out studies in vitro, cells have to be supplemented with an environment that is a close replica of the natural environment. This can be accomplished by using 3D cell cultures which are physiologically more relevant as compared to the 2D cell cultures. Cells in a 3D culture form natural cell to cell interactions and synthesize extracellular material as they do in in vivo. These cells exert forces on each other, moving and migrating as they do in natural environment. In addition, the interactions between them include gap junctions that facilitate exchange of ions, electrical currents and small molecules enhancing the signalling and communication between them. Such a close representation of the natural system in vitro gives insights about the behaviour of the cell when stimulated with a potential drug or a chemical.
Presently, there are several scaffold-based and scaffold-free 3D systems in the market that are widely being used for the purpose of research in a variety of application areas. Although 2D cultures are still more prominent, the encouraging results of 3D cultures have motivated researchers across the world to gradually transition to 3D cultures systems.
Scope of the Report
The ‘3D Cell Culture Market, 2015-2025’ report provides an extensive study on the marketed 3D cell culture systems and those under development. There are a number of 3D cell culture systems that are already commercially available. However, these systems are primarily being used in a variety of research applications; therapeutic applications are still being explored. In addition, there are several promising 3D culture systems which are currently being developed worldwide; the approach is likely to result in many commercial success stories in the foreseen future. The report covers various aspects, such as, key players in the industry, 3D culture products in various biomedical applications and upcoming opportunities for several stakeholders.
As pharmaceutical companies continue to expand their research programs in this area, one of the key objectives outlined for this report is to understand the current and future potential of the market. This is done by analysing current trends in the wider cell culture market and the specific parameters which are likely to influence evolution of 3D cultures during the same time period. In addition, we have provided our outlook on the sub-market evolution of 3D culture instruments, 3D culture related consumables, 3D culture services and other biomaterials. We have also reviewed, in detail, the likely contribution to be made by different applications areas such as cancer research, drug and toxicity screening, stem cell research and regenerative medicines. The report also provides a snapshot of the likely evolution of the market across key geographies (US, EU and Asia).
To address the uncertainties in the market, we have provided three market forecast scenarios for the time period 2015 - 2025. The conservative, base and optimistic scenarios represent three different tracks of industry evolution. Our opinions and insights, presented in this study, were influenced by the discussions that we conducted with experts in this area. All actual figures have been sourced and analysed from publicly available information and discussions with industry experts. The figures mentioned in this report are in USD, unless otherwise specified.
Contents
Chapter 2 provides an executive summary of the insights captured in our research. The summary offers a high level view on where the 3D culture market is headed in the mid to long term.
Chapter 3 provides a general introduction to the 3D culture systems. In this section, we have briefly discussed the different types of cell cultures, conventional methods of cell culturing and various application domains. The chapter outlines a comparative analysis of 2D versus 3D cultures, focussing on the need and the advantages of 3D culture systems.
Chapter 4 gives an overview of the classification of 3D culture systems. It highlights the different approaches under the two broad categories of scaffold-based and scaffold-free 3D culture systems. We have discussed, in detail, the underlying concept, advantages and disadvantages of each sub-category of the two aforementioned strategies.
Chapter 5 summarises the different techniques deployed to fabricate various 3D matrices. It talks about the principle, merits and demerits associated with these methods. It also covers the key takeaways of several research studies carried out using these matrices.
Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive list of 3D culture systems. The list includes information on the 3D culture types and their respective sub-categories. We have also mapped the geographical presence of 3D culture systems. In addition, the chapter talks about other companies which provide 3D related services and associated consumables.
Chapter 7 provides applications of 3D culture systems in the field of cancer research. In addition, the chapter provides a holistic view on the various 3D culture products that have a key role to play in this domain.
Chapter 8 highlights the applications of 3D cultures in drug and toxicity screening. It elaborates on the liver models that can be utilised in toxicity and drug screening studies. The chapter also provides details on the 3D culture systems that have been deployed for this application.
Chapter 9 provides an overview of the 3D culture systems in the field of stem cell research. It highlights the scope of 3D culture approach in embryoid body formation and organogenesis. The chapter enlists and provides details of the 3D culture systems that have been used for the purpose of stem cell research.
Chapter 10 presents the detailed forecast for the 3D culture market segmented by type of 3D components, type of 3D system, type of applications and key geographies. Due to the uncertain nature of the market, we have presented three different growth tracks outlined as conservative, base and optimistic scenarios.
Chapter 11 provides detailed company profiles of the leading players in the market. Each company profile includes information such as financial performance, product portfolio, recent collaborations and future outlook.
Chapter 12 summarises the overall report. In this chapter, we provide a recap of the key takeaways and our independent opinion based on the research and analysis described in previous chapters.
Chapter 13 is a collection of interview transcript(s) of the discussions which were held during the course of this study.
Chapter 14 is an appendix which provides tabulated data and numbers for all the figures provided in the report.
Chapter 15 is an appendix which provides the list of companies mentioned in the report
1. PREFACE
1.1. Scope of the Report
1.2. Research Methodology
1.3. Chapter Outlines
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3. INTRODUCTION
3.1. Chapter Overview
3.2. Classification of Cell Cultures
3.2.1. Primary Cell Cultures
3.2.2. Secondary Cell Cultures
3.2.3. Cell Lines
3.3. Morphology of Cells in Culture
3.4. Process for Obtaining Cell Culture
3.4.1. Isolating Cells From Tissues
3.4.2. Maintaining Cells in Culture
3.4.3. Plating Density and Sub-Culturing
3.4.4. Cryogenic Storage
3.4.5. Issue of Cross-Contamination
3.5. The Need of Cell Culturing
3.5.1. Model Systems
3.5.2. Drug Screening and Pharmacological Testing
3.5.3. Cancer Research and Drug Discovery
3.5.4. Virology
3.5.5. Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy
3.6. Basic Requirements for Cell Culture
3.6.1. Cell Culture Facility And Safety
3.6.2. Avoiding Contamination
3.6.3. Cell Culture Health And Optimal Conditions
3.7. Transition From 2D To 3D Cell Culture
3.8. The Concept of 3D Cell Culture
3.8.1. What is Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)?
3.8.2. In Vitro Cell Culture
3.9. Advantages and Limitations of 3D Cell Culture
4. CLASSIFICATION OF 3D CULTURE METHODS
4.1. 3D Culture Classification: An Overview
4.2. Scaffold-based 3D Cultures
4.2.1. Hydrogels Or ECM Analogs
4.2.2. Solid Scaffolds
4.2.3. Micropatterned Surfaces
4.2.4. Microfluidic Surfaces
4.2.5. Microcarriers
4.3. Scaffold-Free 3D Cultures
4.3.1. Attachment Resistant Cell Surfaces
4.3.2. Suspension Cultures
5. 3D MATRIX FABRICATION
5.1. Chapter Overview
5.2. Methods for Fabricating Porous Scaffolds
5.2.1. Particulate Leaching
5.2.2. Solvent Casting
5.2.3. Emulsion Templating
5.2.4. Gas Foaming
5.2.5. Melt Molding
5.2.6. Microsphere Sintering
5.3. Methods for Fabricating Fibrous Scaffolds
5.3.1. Fiber Mesh
5.3.2. Fiber Bonding
5.3.3. Electro Spinning
5.3.4. Phase Separations
5.3.5. Self Assembly
5.4. Methods for Fabricating Hydrogels
5.4.1. Solvent Casting And Particulate Leaching
5.4.2. Gas Foaming
5.4.3. Freeze Drying
5.4.4. Co-Polymerisation / Crosslinking Methods
5.4.5. Microfluidics
5.5. Methods for Fabricating Custom Scaffolds / Rapid Prototyping / Solid Free-Form (SFF) Technique
5.5.1. Stereo-Lithography
5.5.2. 3D Printing And Organ Printing
5.5.3. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
5.5.4. Fused Deposition Modeling
5.5.5. Membrane Lamination
5.6. Methods for Fabricating Microspheres
5.6.1. Solvent Evaporation
5.6.2. Single and Double Emulsification Technique
5.6.3. Particle Aggregated Scaffold
5.7. Methods for Fabricating Native Scaffolds
5.7.1. Decellularisation
6. 3D CULTURE MARKET LANDSCAPE
6.1. Chapter Overview
6.2. 3D Culture System Market Overview
6.3. Scaffold-Based Formats Make A Significant Contribution In The Market
6.3.1. 3D Culture Systems: Distribution By Type of Hydrogels/ECMs
6.3.2. 3D Culture Systems: Distribution By Type of Solid Scaffolds
6.4. 3D Culture Systems: Distribution of Scaffold-Free Systems
6.4.1. 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of Suspension Cultures
6.4.2. 3D Culture Systems: Distribution of Attachment Resistant Culture Surfaces
6.5. 3D Culture System Manufacturers: Regional Outlook
6.6. Other 3D Culture Consumables
6.7. 3D Culture Services
7. 3D CULTURE IN CANCER RESEARCH
7.1. Chapter Overview
7.2. Reasons to Adopt 3D Culture Systems in Cancer Research
7.3. Improving Cancer Drug Screening with 3D Culture System
7.4. 3D Culture Models Used in Oncology
7.4.1. AlgiMatrix, Life Technologies
7.4.2. Cell-Mate3D, BRTI Life Sciences
7.4.3. CELLSTAR Cell-Repellent Surface, Greiner Bio-One International
7.4.4. Elplasia Micro-Space Cell Cultures, Kuraray
7.4.5. Matrigel Matrix, Corning Life Sciences
7.4.6. OncoSpheres, CYTOO
7.4.7. PetakaG3 Cell Culture Devices/Bioreactors, Celartia
7.4.8. QGel, QGel Bio
7.4.9. RAFT System, TAP Biosystems
7.4.10. RealBio D4 Culture System, RealBio Technology
8. 3D CULTURE IN DRUG AND TOXICITY SCREENING
8.1. Chapter Overview
8.2. Drug Screening
8.3. Application of 3D Cultures In Toxicity Studies
8.3.1. Liver As A Key Driver for 3D Innovation
8.3.2. Liver Metabolism
8.3.3. Liver Toxicity: Important Aspect In Toxicology Studies
8.3.4. Liver In Vitro Models
8.4. 3D Cultures Systems Used in Toxicological Studies
8.4.1. 3D Aligned NanoFiber Solutions, Nanofiber Solutions
8.4.2. 3D InSight Human Pancreatic MicroIslets, InSphero
8.4.3. 3D InSight Liver Microtissues, Insphero
8.4.4. 3D Liver Prototissue System, MC2 Biotek
8.4.5. DataChip/MetaChip, Solidus Biosciences
8.4.6. Epiderm Tissue Model, MatTek
8.4.7. exVive3D Liver, Organovo
8.4.8. Gravity PLUS Hanging Drop System, Insphero
8.4.9. LiverChip, CN Bio Innovations Ltd (Formerly Zyoxel Ltd.)
8.4.10. Mimetas OrganoPlates, Mimetas
8.4.11. Multizyme Chip: Multiple Enzyme Chip, Solidus Biosciences
8.4.12. RegeneTOX , Regenemed
8.4.13. TeamChip, Solidus Biosciences
9. 3D CULTURE APPLICATIONS IN STEM CELL RESEARCH
9.1. Chapter Overview
9.2. Potential of 3D Culture Systems in Stem Cell Differentiation
9.3. In Vitro 3D Microenvironment to Induce Embryoid Body Formation
9.4. Organogenesis from Stem Cells
9.5. 3D Culture Systems in Stem Cell Research
9.5.1. AlphaMAX3D ECM, AlphaGenix
9.5.2. Cultrex BME PathClear, Trevigen
9.5.3. Lipidure-COAT Plates, NOF Corporation
9.5.4. MaxGel Human ECM, Sigma Aldrich
9.5.5. Nunclon Sphera, Thermo Fisher Scientific
9.5.6. Perfecta3D Hanging Drop Plates, 3D Biomatrix
9.5.7. PGMatrix, PepGel
9.5.8. PrimeSurface Cell Culture Plate, Sumito Bakelite
9.5.9. StemFit 3D, Prodizen
10. MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
10.1. Chapter Overview
10.2. Forecast Methodology
10.3. Overall 3D Culture Market, 2015- 2025
10.4. 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Components
10.5. 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Geographical Analysis
10.6. 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Application
10.7. 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Type of 3D System
11. COMPANY PROFILES
11.1. Chapter Overview
11.2. Corning Life Sciences
11.2.1. Company Overview
11.2.2. Financial Details
11.2.3. Product Portfolio
11.2.4. Collaborations
11.2.5. Future Outlook
11.3. Life Technologies
11.3.1. Company Overview
11.3.2. Financial Details
11.3.3. Product Portfolio
11.3.4. Future Outlook
11.4. Sigma Aldrich
11.4.1. Company Overview
11.4.2. Financial Details
11.4.3. Product Portfolio
11.4.4. Future Outlook
11.5. Insphero
11.5.1. Company Overview
11.5.2. Product Portfolio
11.5.3. Collaborations
11.5.4. Future Outlook
11.6. 3D Biotek
11.6.1. Company Overview
11.6.2. Product Portfolio
11.6.3. Collaborations
11.7. Reinnervate
11.7.1. Company Overview
11.7.2. Product Portfolio
11.7.3. Alvetex 3D Culture Scaffold
11.7.4. Collaborations
11.7.5. Future Outlook
11.8. Synthecon
11.8.1. Company Overview
11.8.2. Product Portfolio
11.8.3. Collaborations
11.8.4. Future Outlook
11.9. Neuromics
11.9.1. Company Overview
11.9.2. Product Portfolio
11.9.3. Collaborations
11.10. Cosmo Bio
11.10.1. Company overview
11.10.2. Financial Details
11.10.3. Product Portfolio
11.10.4. Future Outlook
12. CONCLUSION
12.1. 3D Cultures Rapidly Replacing 2D Systems
12.2. 3D Cultures Have Invaded A Myriad Of Applications
12.3. 3D Cultures Yet to Unveil Potential in Therapeutics
12.4. With High Adoption Rates, 3D Cultures Will Emerge As A Multi-Billion Dollar Market
13. INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS
14. APPENDIX1: TABULATED DATA
15. APPENDIX 2: LIST OF COMPANIES AND ORGANISATIONS
Figure 3.1 Classifications of Cell Cultures
Figure 3.2 Various Methods of Cell Isolation from Tissues
Figure 3.3 Methods of Cryogenic Storage
Figure 3.4 Applications of Cell Culturing
Figure 3.5 Cell Culture: Bio-Safety Levels
Figure 3.6 Differences in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures
Figure 3.7 Key Components of the ECM
Figure 3.8 Factors Influencing the Choice of 3D Culture Systems
Figure 4.1 Classification of 3D Culture Systems
Figure 4.2 Natural Components of ECM
Figure 4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogels
Figure 6.1 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of System
Figure 6.2 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Sub-Type of Scaffold-Based System
Figure 6.3 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of Hydrogels/ECMs
Figure 6.4 3D Culture Systems: Distribution of Solid Scaffolds
Figure 6.5 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Sub-Type of Scaffold-Free Systems
Figure 6.6 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of Suspension Cultures
Figure 6.7 3D Culture Systems: Distribution of Attachment Resistant Culture Surfaces
Figure 6.8 3D Culture System Manufacturers: Geographical Distribution of Developers
Figure 7.1 Cell-Mate3D: Cell Embedding Process
Figure 7.2 Types of Petaka Bioreactors Manufactured by Celartia
Figure 7.3 QGel Matrix: Key Features
Figure 7.4 QGel Bio: Validated Disease Models
Figure 7.5 RAFT Process Simulation
Figure 9.1 3D Culture: Effect on Stem Cell Differentiation
Figure 9.2 Methods for Embryoid Body Formation
Figure 9.3 AlphaMAX3D: Key Advantages
Figure 9.4 Lipidure-COAT Plates: Spheroid Formation
Figure 9.5 Lipidure-COAT Dishes: Diameter of Embryoid Bodies (in µm)
Figure 9.6 MaxGel Human ECM: Procedure for Thin Layer Coating
Figure 9.7 Perfecta3D Hanging Drop Culture Plates: Types of Co-Culture Spheroids
Figure 9.8 PGMatrix: Key Advantages
Figure 10.1 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015 - 2025: Base Scenario (USD Million)
Figure 10.2 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Sub Market Evolution by Components (USD Million)
Figure 10.3 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Components
Figure 10.4 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Geographical Analysis
Figure 10.5 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Application
Figure 10.6 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Type of 3D Culture System (USD Million)
Figure 11.1 Corning: Revenues by Business Divisions, 2014 (USD Billion)
Figure 11.2 Corning Life Sciences: Revenues 2011-2014 (USD Million)
Figure 11.3 Life Technologies: Revenues 2010-2013 (USD Billion)
Figure 11.4 Sigma-Aldrich: Revenues, 2010-2014 (USD Billion)
Figure 11.5 Cosmo Bio: Revenues, 2011 – 2014 (USD Million)
Figure 12.1 Cell Behaviour and Signalling: 2D versus 3D Cultures
Figure 12.2 3D Culture Market (USD Million), 2015, 2020 and 2025
Table 3.1 Morphology of Cells in a Culture
Table 4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Systems
Table 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds
Table 4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural and Synthetic Hydrogels
Table 4.4 Cell Cultures Used in Magnetic Levitation
Table 5.1 3D Culture Studies Using Porous Scaffolds
Table 5.2 Fabrication of Porous Scaffolds: Merits and Demerits
Table 5.3 3D Cell Culture Studies using Fibrous Scaffolds
Table 5.4 Fabrication of Fibrous Scaffolds: Merits and Demerits
Table 5.5 3D Cell Culture Studies Using Hydrogels
Table 5.6 Fabrication of Hydrogels: Merits and Demerits
Table 5.7 3D Culture Studies Using Custom Scaffolds
Table 5.8 Fabrication of Custom Scaffolds: Merits and Demerits
Table 5.9 3D Cell Culture Studies Using Microspheres
Table 5.10 Fabrication of Microspheres: Merits and Demerits
Table 5.11 3D Cell Culture Studies Using Native Scaffolds
Table 5.12 Fabrication of Native Scaffolds: Merits and Demerits
Table 6.1 3D Culture System Market Landscape
Table 6.2 3D Culture Market Landscape: Assay Kits, Reagents Suppliers
Table 6.3 3D Culture Market Landscape: Services
Table 7.1 Examples of 3D Culture Systems Used in Cancer Research
Table 7.2 Elplasia Micro-Space Cell Culture Plate: Specifications
Table 8.1 Examples of 3D Culture Systems Used in Drug and Toxicity Screening
Table 8.2 OrganoPlates: Specifications
Table 9.1 Example of 3D Culture Systems Used in Stem Cell Research
Table 9.2 Product Specification: CultrexBME
Table 11.1 Corning Life Science Product Specification: Matrigel Matrices
Table 11.2 Corning Life Science Product Specification: Collagen I
Table 11.3 Corning Life Sciences Product Specification: ULA Dishes
Table 11.4 Corning Life Science Product Specification: ULA Flasks
Table 11.5 Life Technologies Product Specification: AlgiMatrix
Table 11.6 Life Technologies Product Specification: Collagen I Proteins
Table 11.7 Sigma-Aldrich Product Specification: HydroMatrix Hydrogels
Table 11.8 Sigma-Aldrich Product Specification: MaxGel ECM
Table 11.9 InSphero Product Specification: 3D InSight Liver Microtissues
Table 11.10 InSphero Product Specification: 3D InSight Pancreatic Microtissues
Table 11.11 InSphero Product Specification: 3D InSight Tumour Microtissues
Table 11.12 3D Biotek: Product Dimensions
Table 11.13 3D Biotek Product Specification: 3D Insert-PS
Table 11.14 3D Biotek Product Specification: 3D Insert PCL
Table 11.15 Reinnervate Product Specification: Alvetex 3D Culture Scaffold
Table 11.16 Reinnervate: Collaborations
Table 11.17 Synthecon Product Specification: Rotary Cell Culture Systems
Table 11.18 Synthecon Product Specification: NanobioMatrix Scaffolds
Table 11.19 Synthecon Product Specification: Biostructure Matrix Scaffolds
Table 11.20 Neuromics Product Specification: CollaGel Hydrogels
Table 11.21 Neuromics Product Specification: 3D Nanofiber Solutions
Table 11.22 Neuromics Product Specification: AlphaGEL 3D
Table 11.23 Neuromics Product Specification :ECM Proteins
Table 11.24 Neuromics Product Specification: Petaka Culturing systems
Table 11.25 Cosmo Bio Product Specification: Mebiol Gel
Table 11.26 Cosmo Bio Product Specifications: Chitosan Coated Cultureware
Table 11.27 Cosmo Bio Product Specification: Alginate 3D Cell Culture Kit
Table 11.28 Cosmo Bio Product Specification: VECELL 3D Cell Culture Plates
Table 11.29 Cosmo Bio Product Specification: Atelocell
Table 11.30 Cosmo Bio Product Specification: LIPIDURE-COAT Cultureware
Table 14.1 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of System
Table 14.2 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Sub-Type of Scaffold-Based System
Table 14.3 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of Hydrogels/ECMs
Table 14.4 3D Culture: Distribution of Solid Scaffolds
Table 14.5 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Sub-Type of Scaffold-Free Systems
Table 14.6 3D Culture Systems: Distribution by Type of Suspension Cultures
Table 14.7 3D Culture: Distribution of Attachment Resistant Culture Surfaces
Table 14.8 3D Culture System Manufacturers: Geographical Distribution of Developers
Table 14.9 Lipidure-COAT Dishes: Diameter of Embryoid Bodies (in µm)
Table 14.10 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015 - 2025: Base Scenario (USD Million)
Table 14.11 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015 - 2025: Conservative Scenario (USD Million)
Table 14.12 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015 - 2025: Optimistic Scenario (USD Million)
Table 14.13 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Sub Market Evolution by Components (USD Million)
Table 14.14 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Components
Table 14.15 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Geographical Analysis
Table 14.16 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Application
Table 14.17 3D Culture Market Forecast, 2015-2025: Distribution by Type of 3D System (USD Million)
Table 14.18 Corning: Revenues by Business Divisions, 2014 (USD Billion)
Table 14.19 Corning Life Sciences: Revenues 2011-14 (USD Million)
Table 14.20 Life Technologies: Revenues 2010-2013 (USD Billion)
Table 14.21 Sigma-Aldrich: Revenues, 2010-14 (USD Billion)
Table 14.22 Cosmo Bio: Revenues, 2011 – 2014 (USD Million)
Table 14.23 3D Culture Market (USD Million), 2015, 2020 and 2025
The following companies and institutes have been mentioned in this report.
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